Photovoltaics:
Solar Elements of a solar photovoltaic Applications of PV solar energy calculation of solar photovoltaic installations History and fundamentals of photovoltaic solar cells cells and photovoltaic panels Accumulators
Charge Regulators
Other equipment for use in photovoltaic system support structure for photovoltaic panels calculation of a facility maintenance
a photovoltaic system and operation Photovoltaic grid-connected Bibliography Solar A guaranteed power for the next 6,000 million years
The Sun, source of life and origin of other forms of energy that man has used since the dawn of history, can meet all our needs if you learn how to make a rational light continually pours on the planet. Has shone in the sky for about five billion years, and is estimated to have not yet reached even half of its existence.
This year, the sun casts on the earth four thousand times more energy than we consume.
Spain, for its privileged location and climate, is particularly favored compared to other European countries, as on every square meter of land per year affecting about 1,500 kilowatt-hours of energy, similar to that of many regions of Central and South America. This energy can be used directly or be converted into other useful forms, for example, into electricity.
would not be rational not to try to exploit, by all means technically possible, this free energy source, clean and renewable, it can definitely get rid of dependence on oil or other unsafe alternatives, pollutants or, simply, exhaustible.
It should, however, noted that there are some problems that we face and overcome. Apart from the difficulties that would lead to advanced solar energy policy itself must be borne in mind that this power is subject to continuous fluctuations and more or less abrupt. For example, solar radiation is lower in winter, usually just when they most need.
is vital to continuing the development of the emerging technology of capture, accumulation and distribution of solar energy, to create conditions that make it definitely competitive on a global scale.
Elements of a solar photovoltaic ConduccionesEl calo carrier fluid must be transported in the plant at a certain speed because if you go too fast will not heat up very slow and if you reach undesirable temperatures, so you have to calculate the size of the pipes. To do this, there should be speed limits (1.2 l / s * eg - 1.6 l / sec. 100 m2 of collector area) and a loss limit of carga.El material of choice should be the metal most possible noble (copper), but big, it will be used other than price such as steel or aluminum. In case of several metals coexist in the same facility, the water should range from less noble to the most noble electrolisis.Con the problem of plastics, the most enduring is the cross-linked polyethylene (100 ° C a few hours), so it is not advisable to use in the circuit primario.Para calculate the flow rule follows: Between 1.2 100m2. After the / h would be between 43 l / h and 57 l / h, * l / sec. and 1.6 l / sec. Taking the purposes of calculating the intermediate value of 50 l / hAislamientoEvita loss of the sensitive elements of the installation, you must have a low coefficient of conductivity at a reasonable price. Their placement will be simple and support a wide range of temperatures. Must be non-flammable, non-corrosive on contact and provide good stability. His strength is good and his weight reducido.Puede be type fibrous (asbestos, fiberglass, mineral wool, animal and plant fiber), granular (perlite, and calcium silicate, magnesia) and cellular (cork, foam glass). The thickness is chosen according to the temperature of the fluid and the diameter of the pipe, also depending on whether the pipes are internal or calculate elementosPara exteriores.Otros facilities must take into account a volume of 50 l / h * m2, speed is 2 m / sec. (3 m / sec. In certain circumstances) and Ap = 40 mm.ca / mo The gauge and hydrometer - Measure the pressure inside a pipe or depósito.o safety valve - must be included for the circuit under pressure variations and funnel drain temperatura.o - Lets see the evacuation of líquido.o The trap - Evacuate the gases contained in the fluid carrier calo and must be on the top of the check valves instalación.o - Limit the flow of fluid in one step sentido.o valves - can interrupt all or part of the step fluido.o the Thermometer - Measure the temperature of the fluid by contact or by inmersión.o thermostats - Measure and activated or deactivated by a signal mechanisms eléctrica.o The differential thermostat - Measure temperature difference and acting as role on something in the system
Applications of solar photovoltaic installations Small
residential lighting (exterior and interior).
Pumping water from wells or irrigation autonomous.
installations where housing is more economically viable to deploy a standalone installation that connect to the overall network, usually far away from it.
calculation of solar photovoltaic installations History and fundamentals of photovoltaic solar cells seems unless Photoelectric phenomena have the beginning of its discovery in 1808, through Hallwachs, but it was Hertz who outlined the basic principles governing them. In 1887
latter noted that the spark jumps more easily between two different areas of potential when their surfaces were strongly illuminated by the light of another shock, and later found that a negatively charged zinc plate and connected to an electroscope, lost load quickly when illuminated by an arc. In all Hertz concluded that, under the action of light, zinc, and in general all metals are negatively charged,
results experimental obtained were as follows:
The photoelectric effect is instantaneous, ie no radiation appears retardation.
The number of photoelectrons emitted, ie the intensity of the current produced is proportional to the radiation received.
On the speed issue has no influence on light intensity, or its polarization state, but their frequency or wavelength.
For each metal there is a minimum frequency of light radiation, below which no-show the photoelectric effect.
The theoretical interpretation of these events was mortality from Einstein in 1902, generalizing the hypothesis Plank made by a few years before the theory of quanta or photons.
photoelectric cells are devices based on the action of light radiation on certain metal surfaces. The effect of such radiation can be of three types:
fotoemisivo or fotoexterno effect: in the metal causes a burst of electrons with their release. Photoconductive or fotointerno
Effect: changes the electrical conductivity of metal.
Photovoltaic effect: it creates an electromotive force in metal.
precisely in this last section is where they are integrated photovoltaic cells that generate a flow of current proportional to the luminous flux received. These cells have the advantage over other types that do not require auxiliary power or vacuum, why are not used for converting solar energy into electrical energy.
Chapin, and bellows Perarson in 1954 developed the first solar cell capable of converting, in an effective manner, sunlight into electricity. Since then, the devices have been improved especially in the use in artificial satellites, and feed small houses in remote locations.
photovoltaic cells and modules photovoltaic or solar photovoltaic (sometimes called solar
, although this term also includes other devices) are formed by a group of cells (
photovoltaic cells) that produce electricity
from
light that strikes them . The maximum power that can supply a module called
peak power.
The photovoltaic panels are divided into:
Monocrystalline: made up of sections of a single crystal silicon (recognizable by their round or hexagonal). Polycrystalline
, where small particulate consist crystallized.
Amorphous silicon when has not been crystallized.
Its effectiveness is greater the larger are the crystals, but also its weight, thickness and cost. The first performance can reach 20% while that of the past can not reach 1%, however its cost and weight is much lower.
Accumulators Called electric battery, electric battery or just battery, the device that stores electrical energy
using electrochemical methods and then returns almost entirely, this cycle can be repeated for a certain number of times. This is a secondary
electric generator; ie, a generator can not operate without electricity previously supplied him with what is called charging.
also often called battery as many times several of them are connected in series to increase the supply voltage. Thus, a car battery is made internally by 6 elements accumulator lead-acid type, each of which supplies electricity at a voltage of about 2 V, so that all the usual 12 V supply, or 12 items at 24 V for trucks.
The term battery, in Castilian, called the non-rechargeable power generators. Both battery and battery are terms from the early days of electricity, in which several cells or cells - in the first case, one above another, "stacked", and the second, attached laterally, "on battery", as is still done today, order to increase the magnitude of electrical phenomena and to study them systematically. This explanation suggests that either serve to any names, but the custom has fixed the distinction.
Charge Regulators
range ATERSA regulation is based on digital technology, incorporating different levels of load and state relays solid. Optionally at the customer can be supplied in sealed boxes also blocking diode.
• All models are dual voltage (12 and 24V).
LEO
· The models have two ammeters and voltmeter and can be programmed by the user or installer. Leo2 models also lead-free relays for starting voltage generator and transmitted alarms.
• The MP has been designed to provide a system of regulation and control facilities of medium and high power, with digital measurement of key parameters.
• The data acquisition system DATASOL-32 is designed specifically for track use as photovoltaic power system control information mP-60. The joint facility and DATASOL mP-32, provides the benefits of a data acquisition system in a simple and low cost.
Other equipment for use in photovoltaic system exists in the photovoltaic market a variety of makes and models of modules solares.Según the type of material used to manufacture, are classified as monocrystalline silicon modules : they are the most widely used due to its high reliability and durability, but its price is slightly higher than other types. • polycrystalline silicon modules: they are slightly cheaper than monocrystalline silicon modules, but its efficiency is lower. • amorphous silicon modules, are less efficient than the previous 2, but a much lower price. They are also thinner and lighter, made in a flexible manner, so that can be installed as an integral part of a roof or wall.
support structure for photovoltaic panels A solar panel is made up of several cells connected electrically equal to each other, in series and / or in parallel, so that the voltage and current supplied by the panel is increased to meet value desired. Most solar panels are constructed first associating cells in series to achieve the desired voltage level, and then combining several parallel series of cell associations to achieve the desired current level. In addition, the panel has other elements of the solar cells, which allow adequate protection of the brake assembly to external agents, ensuring sufficient stiffness, allowing the subject to the structures that support and connecting eléctrica.Estos elements are: - Cover the Sun is facing glass should give the maximum transmission of solar radiation. It is characterized by its mechanical strength, high transmissivity and low iron .- encapsulant. Most often silicone or EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate). It is especially important not to be affected in its transparency by continued exposure to the sun, seeking also a refractive index similar to the protective glass to avoid altering the conditions of the incident radiation protection .- later. Should also provide rigidity and a great protection against the weather. Shaped blades are usually used for different layers of materials of different characteristics .- Metal frame. Aluminium, which ensures enough rigidity and sealing the whole, incorporating the elements of the structure subject to outside panel. The bond between the metal frame and the elements that make up the module is done through different types of systems resistant to working conditions .- panel wiring and connection terminals. Common in electrical systems, protected from the elements by means of boxes .- watertight protection diode. Its mission is to protect against overloads or deterioration of operating conditions panel.Los Solar Panel have between 28 and 40 cells, although the most typical is to have 36. The surface of the panel or module can vary between 0.1 and 0.5m2 and has two output terminals, positive and negative, sometimes have to put some intermediate protección.Normalmente diodes, panels used, are designed to work in combination with multiple battery voltages of 12V, as discussed in the section devoted to the accumulator.
Calculation of installation cost of the installation (with expenses) for 1 kWp VAT €
Point
possible subsidies for 1 kWp
€
years
Life Energy produced (by 1 kWp in Madrid)
kWh/1kWp
external capital value
% Interest for external capital
% equity interest for
% per year maintenance and insurance
%
Rental measuring equipment / year €
Point
the unplanned maintenance costs in the first year of operation (without VAT = additional external capital)
€
contribution obligation exists VAT (if = 1, no = 1.16) You get
payment to cover the cost of the project:
€ / kWh
Factsheet:
Point power project installed in kWp
total investment calculation for your project without interest calculation
€
total grants for the project
€
Calculation of entries per year for the sale of energy (the installation> 1kWp)
maintenance and operation of a photovoltaic A photovoltaic system does not appropriately sized problems, and only maintenance is regular review of the equipment according to manufacturer's instructions. The damage, if used correctly, are extremely rare, and weather conditions, normal-storms, hail-usual dimensions not affect them.
Photovoltaic installations connected to the mains The direct conversion of solar energy into electricity through photovoltaic cells has been developed in recent years as a alternative to power in several countries. And on the occasions where the power supply for conventional network already exists, the tendency is that the photovoltaic cells work with her.
Initially, photovoltaic systems developer network connection for large PV plants. Since it was thought that in the future could be resolved in some areas certain problems in the generation and distribution of conventional energy. After considering that these plants were working properly and, as advanced electronics market began to design smaller systems. Smaller, more manageable systems with intended to be installed as a small domestic plants. Completely customizable solar systems to homes equipped with conventional power rush.
The first photovoltaic plant connected to the network in Europe (9.3 kWp. 13/05/1982 Lugano School of Engineering) is constructed to study the effects of electrical safety that could occur when connecting a facility of this type to the network public. At the end of 1998 there were over 30,000 photovoltaic grid-connected distributed throughout the world.
Today there is a clear institutional support for photovoltaic technology. A good example is found in the reading of energy for the future, sources renewable energy (White Paper on a strategy and a community action plan. European Commission). Showing the articulation of a campaign to help real takeoff of renewable energy. The European Commission regarding proposed photovoltaic encourage the introduction of a million solar systems.
A campaign in order to build a sufficiently large market for manufacturing costs fall substantially. Launch a program to protect the domestic market and export promotion. To this end, the campaign organized an initiative includes the installation of 500,000 PV systems connected to the grid and for within the EU internal market. To complete it, including an export of 500,000 initiative autonomous photovoltaic systems in developing countries.
energy policy is not an oracle, and the prospects are not forecasts but reflections on the range of possible futures. Taking the latter into account and if all goes according to plans operating in the U.S., Japan and Europe, it is possible to reach 2010 with over 1,000,000 photovoltaic installations connected to the grid in many countries. If we add to this figure autonomous photovoltaic installations in the next decade will be a solar market that will have a volume greater than 2.5 billion. Operation
A photovoltaic system networking is a type of electrical installation that involves five elements:
solar energy.
A group of photovoltaic modules conveniently connected, and located so that they receive the most sunlight over the year.
The PV inverter for grid connection.
electrical protections.
The electrical network.
The operating principle is very simple:
solar energy falls on the photovoltaic generator.
Solar modules generate DC electricity.
The current, which provides photovoltaic solar generator, passes through the electrical protection and is delivered directly to the heart of an investor. Inverter control is connected to the solar generator and network.
PV inverter connected to the network is responsible for providing sinusoidal alternating current, from the current energy supplied by photovoltaic modules. The energy delivery this inverter is synchronized with the existing supply network.
This energy, if not consumed in the same place where you are installing is injected in frequency and phase to the existing electrical distribution lines. This way is available to other consumers.
and solar system operation is done completely automatically mind, both for its launch to its stop:
At dawn, the system control devices measure the power available from the photovoltaic generator. Once the minimum level of operation, the inverter and power generation starts.
At night when it detects a power level below the minimum generator with which it can operate, the unit is switched to a new dawn. Bibliography
http://www.censolar.org/menu2.htm http://www.enbuenasmanos.com/articulos/muestra.asp?art=1558 http://www.web.iesbajoaragon.com/framos/solar1.doc http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_fotovoltaico http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acumulador_el%C3%A9ctrico http://www.atersa.com/763.0.html http://www.ujaen.es/investiga/solar/07cursosolar/home_main_frame/04_componen/01_generador/01_basico/4_gene_01.htm http://energia-solar-si.blogspot.com/ http://news.soliclima.com/?seccio=noticiesprof&accio=veure&id=51 http://www.robotiker.com/revista/articulo.do;jsessionid=EE3D092DEBFB2747509DACF422E4830A?method=detalle&id=31
